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I have seen them plenty of times, with many different types of software, but the one thing I have always wondered, is how software keygens know what key to generate. I know the basic principle of it: the keygen looks somewhere in the software installation files and creates a key that matches some encrypted file which allows the program to work. But I wanted to know how they do that, and how to prevent it. This is really a multiple part question.

• How does the key-system work? • How do programmers usually create software that works based on a key. I am an intermediate programmer, but I never learned much of the security/anti-piracy aspect of it. How do they create and/or recognize the keys to allow the software to start working? • Where does it usually look to find this 'encrypted file'?

• Is it in a physical file on the computer, or an of-site database that it calls? • What do the companies do to encrypt that file? • I would emagine that the key must be stored in more than just plaintext, what do they do to keep it encrypted?

• What method is the keygen using to create the key? • I have played around a llitle with some password-cracker software such as 'cain & able' and I have noticed, that with some of the password-cracking methods, such as brute-force and dictionary, it gives me ETAs in years, however keygens seem to create keys instantly. Are they using different methods entirely? • What measures can companies take to prevent the use of keygens in pirated software? • I am starting to write my own software to be distributed, I was wondering what existing, relitivly easy methods can I use to prevent. How does the key-system work?

Well it depends there are many implementations. One of them was discussed in: Assuming you don't want to do a special build for each user, then: • Generate yourself a secret key for the product • Take the user's name • Concatentate the users name and the secret key and hash with (for example) SHA1 • Unpack the SHA1 hash as an alphanumeric string.

This is the individual user's 'Product Key' • Within the program, do the same hash, and compare with the product key. If equal, OK. Note: every key scheme can be cracked. That's why a lot of tools use online validation.

Where does it usually look to find this 'encrypted file'? There usually is no encrypted file when using the previous method. There might be other methods to generate keys with another algorithm, but they never store all keys in the program. What do the companies do to encrypt that file? Well if you are referring to storing the key the user typed in your system, then sometimes it's saved plaintext in a config file.

Sometimes they use symetric (like AES) encryption with a hardcoded key to encrypt this file. What method is the keygen using to create the key? Because there are people that can figure out the scheme the program uses and just implement it in their own keygen. What measures can companies take to prevent the use of keygens in pirated software?

Online activation, but the harder you make it for the customer to use the software the less likely you they will buy it. In the end there isn't a single piece of software that is piracy-proof. If there was, companies like Adobe and Microsoft would be hiring you instantly. Serial numbers for computer software have a specific pattern, which allows the installer or application to detect whether or not it is a legit key. A very simple example would be that every serial number has exactly three occurances of the number 5 in it - so 1932-1253-2319-5512 would be a working serial number. In a real-life scenario the relationships between the numbers would of course be more complicated.

The shipped software contains an algorithm that checks whether or not a serial is valid. The software creator has a piece of software that allows him to create serial numbers for the product. To create a keygen, a cracker group (people specialized in breaking copy protection schemes) analyze the program executable to find the part that checks the serial. They then reconstruct the algorithm to create the serials based on the checking code. The finished keygen is an app applying the algorithm to create a serial number. Sometimes keygens do not really contain the algorithm, but rather a list of valid serial numbers, of which one is selected at random. The keygen for Windows xp in the later service packs was more complicated, because Microsoft checked not only whether a key was valid, but also whether it had been sold with a copy and was not already in use on another computer.