Triumph by, depicting the Sher-Dor in. Along with, Samarkand is one of the in, prospering from its location on the trade route between China and the Mediterranean ().

Archeological excavations held within the city limits (Syob and midtown) as well as suburban areas (Hojamazgil, Sazag'on) unearthed forty-thousand-year-old evidence of human activity, dating back to the Late era. A group of era (12th–7th millennium BC) archeological sites were discovered at Sazag'on-1, Zamichatosh and Okhalik (suburbs of the city). The Syob and Darg'om canals, supplying the city and its suburbs with water, appeared around the 7th to 5th centuries BC (early ).

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There is no direct evidence when Samarkand was founded. Researchers of the Institute of Archeology of Samarkand argue for the existence of the city between the 8th and 7th centuries BC. Samarkand has been one of the main centres of civilization from its early days. By the time of the dynasty of Persia it had become the capital of the Sogdian.

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Hellenistic period [ ] conquered Samarkand in 329 BC. The city was known as Maracanda by the Greeks.

Written sources offer small clues as to the subsequent system of government. They tell of an Orepius who became ruler 'not from ancestors, but as a gift of Alexander'. While Samarkand suffered significant damage during Alexander's initial conquest, the city recovered rapidly and flourished under the new Hellenic influence. There were also major new construction techniques; oblong bricks were replaced with square ones and superior methods of masonry and plastering were introduced. Alexander's conquests introduced classical Greek culture into Central Asia; for a time, Greek aesthetics heavily influenced local artisans.

This Hellenistic legacy continued as the city became part of various successor states in the centuries following Alexander's death, i.e. The, and (even though the themselves originated in Central Asia). After the Kushan state lost control of Sogdia, during the 3rd century AD, Samarkand went into decline as a centre of economic, cultural and political power. Shireen sungkar mesum. It did not significantly revive until the 5th century AD.

Pre-Mongol period [ ]. Downtown with Bibi-Khanym Mosque in 1990s Samarkand was conquered by the Persian around 260 AD.

Under Sassanian rule, the region became an essential site for, and facilitated the dissemination of the religion throughout Central Asia. After the (Huns) conquered Samarkand, they controlled it until the, in an alliance with the Sassanid Persians, won it at the.

The Turks ruled over Samarkand until they were defeated by the during the. After the, the Turks conquered Samarkand and held it until the Turkic khaganate collapsed due to wars with the Chinese. During this time the city became a protectorate and paid tribute to the ruling Tang. The armies of the under captured the city in around 710 from Turks.

During this period, Samarkand was a diverse religious community and was home to a number of religions, including,,,,. However, after the Arab conquest of Sogdiana, became the dominant religion, with much of the population converting.